Wars involving pre-independence Malaysia

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Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 31. Chapters: Malayan Emergency, Circumstances prior to the Malayan Emergency, Baling Talks, Malayan Communist Party, Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia, Bukit Kepong Incident, Special Operations Volunteer Force, Larut War, Batang Kali massacre, Briggs' Plan, Klang War, Malayan Races Liberation Army, New Village, Policewoman of Malaysia, Jementah Civil War, Commission for the Pacification of Larut, Perak War. Excerpt: In 1948, the Communists and the British colonial government in Malaya entered a period of guerrilla fighting which has become known to history as the Malayan Emergency. The name derives from the state of emergency declared by the colonial administration in June 1948 to extend the powers of the police and military. The state of emergency was officially lifted in July 1960. In the broadest context, the events leading to the emergency include the following: This article focuses on the immediate antecedents to the Emergency, beginning shortly after the Japanese surrender and British reoccupation in August and September 1945. In September to December, 1945, General Labour Unions (GLU's) arose, sometimes with MCP guidance. They organised themselves as regional bodies rather than trade-specific bodies, this was consciously done in an effort to promote racial integration since particular racial groups tended to predominate in particular trades, eg., Chinese in mines, Malays in the civil service, often Indians on plantations. A number of short strikes were held, not necessarily involving entire GLU's. They had little material result but demonstrated a capacity to act. There were considerable economic grounds for labour unrest. Real wages were below the pre-war level in 1948 compared to 1939 wages had risen about 3 times but the cost of living had gone up 4 times, so the real wage was about 3/4. Normal pre-war rice consumption had been 1¿ to 1¿ lb (570 to 680 g) per day. In April 1946 the rice ration in Singapore for an adult male was reduced from 4 lb to 3 lb (from 1.8 kg to 1.4 kg) per week, in mid-August it was further reduced to 1¿ lb (750 g) per week, where it remained until an increase in December. The Annual Report of the Colony of Singapore for 1946 reported that the majority of infant deaths were due to rice shortage and lack of proper food. A survey of working-class families in the Report for 1947 found that only 22% of them had sufficient food energy in their diets