Topographic Surveying

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Excerpt from Topographic Surveying: Including Geographic, Exploratory, and Military Mapping, With Hints on Camping, Emergency Surgery, and Photography The mode of presentation is not that usually followed in such works. Instead of describing the instruments or their uses independently, each is described in that portion of the text in which its employment in field surveying is most prom inently mentioned. The tables are not brought together at the end of the volume, but each is placed in that portion of the text which relates to its use. The object is to produce a handy reference-book for use in the field, as well as a text-book for guidance in college instruction. It is believed that, by this arrangement, if a topograp'her in the midst of his field-work desires information on a special point, it can be found, with accompanying examples and tables, gathered together in one chapter or clearly indicated by cross-references. Again, the method of treatment usually followed in works of this class consists in, first, a description of the astronomic methods on which general map surveys must be based, and then a descrip tion of primary triangulation as a basis for the detailed topographic surveys which are finally described. I have re versed this order and have adopted the more natural method of commencing with the simplest operations and advancing gradually towards the most complex and refined. Each sub ject is treated in the same manner. It is believed that thework has. Thus been made especially useful to the inexpert topographer and the student. The volume consists, in fact, of three separate books or treatises: (i) Topographic Surveying, (2) Geodetic Survey ing, and (3) Practical Astronomy.. The first has been sub divided into three parts: Plane Surveying, Hypsometric Sur veying, and Map Construction, and these are preceded by a preliminary characterization of the relations existing between topographic, geographic, and exploratory surveys. This latter distinction is essentially arbitrary, as all are of a kind, and differ only in degree of detail and the consequent speed and generalization in procuring the field results. The general subject of Geodetic Surveying has been subdivided into Ter restrial Geodesy and Astronomic Geodesy, and the treatment of these differs but slightly in method of arrangement from that usually pursued. Part VII is devoted to such practical hints as it is believed will essentially aid those who have the organization and command of camping parties. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully, any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.