Religious Experience of the Pneuma

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Clint Tibbs explores the Christian religious experience of the Pneuma given in 1 Corinthians 12 and 14. This text is often read as concerning "spiritual gifts". This heading, however, does not make clear the scope of Paul's text because it highlights only one component of Paul's polemic, "gifts", to the neglect of other and equally important terms. The experiences Paul mentions in these texts, as well as the mention of "spirits" in three different places, suggest that Paul was actually writing about communicating with the spirit world. Spirit communication of a Christian nature is also recorded in the Didache 11, Shepherd of Hermas, Mandate 11, and the accounts of Montanism. The author uses these texts, as well as those from Plutarch, Josephus, Philo and Pseudo-Philo, to illustrate the kind of spirit communication that Paul depicts in 1 Corinthians 12 and 14, that of spirits speaking through mediums.