Problems with Logic in Philosophy

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A characteristic feature of philosophy 'is its use of logical argument' (Warburton, 2001, p. 228). An argument is traditionally understood to comprise a point or conclusion put forward, the evidence or facts (known as premises) used to support this conclusion, and the structure or way in which these are presented (Saunders et al., 2007, p. 37). In other subjects, propositions may be based on the presentation and evaluation of concrete evidence or data. However, Philosophy examines 'the systems and structures which support our thinking ... to test their soundness' (ibid., p. 3). Types of thinking associated with philosophical argumentation include reasoning and formal and informal logic, where reasoning refers to the thought processes required to construct arguments (Walton, 1990) and logic refers to the 'sequence of steps' (Parsons, 1996, p. 169) used to reach conclusions.