Foundations for Tall Buildings (Classic Reprint)

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Excerpt from Foundations for Tall BuildingsFoundation construction for tall buildings in both Chicago and New York has undergone rapid changes in the last decade. These changes are due to the increased loads on the clay upon which the structures rested before the method of deep foundations to bed-rock came into use. The clay stata underlying the prairie soil of Chicago changes materially even in short distances. In general, however, there are six to twelve feet of loam and quick-sand, followed by a layer of clay, which is hard and firm in some places, while in others it is so soft and wet that it may readily be taken out with a spade. In the business districts of Chicago where all the great business blocks are located, the clay, often mixed with a strata of quick-sand, reaches down from forty to eighty feet to a limestone foundation. If there are any hard-pan layers within the reach of ordinary piles, there seems to be no indications that they are uniform, or at all to be relied upon. In New York, the average depth to bed-rock is about thirty-five feet. Throughout the island, there is a decided variance in the depths to bed-rock. In the New York Stock Exchange Building it was found necessary to go sixty feet below the curb line, while in the Siegel and Cooper Building, at one end, bed-rock was found at a distance of only twelve feet below the street grade. The general character of the material from the surface to bed~rock, is, (a) the surface ground, or made ground, (b)About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully, any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.