FES-Assisted Standing

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Functional Electrical Stimulation can be used to help individuals with spinal cord injuries to stand. This book discusses the instrumentation required to evaluate such standing, analaysis techniques for understanding how such individuals stand and the standing behaviours of FES-assisted standing in individuals with complete spinal cord injuries. A new approach to determining the biomechanical properities of the legs is presented based upon 3D surface topography. In addition this book looks at the neurophysiological aspects of standing with functional electrical stimulation. Interactions between the electrical stimulation and internal neural oscillators are examined using both biomechanical and electrophysiological approaches. Time and frequency domain analysis of the electrophysiological signals was used to understand the spinal cord's contribution to standing behaviours.