Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology
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This atlas aims to provide ultrastructural morphological images of human spermatozoa systematically. Sperm morphology plays an essential role in sperm-oocyte interactions and early embryonic development. Human sperm ultrastructural morphology has been a great reference to evaluate certain aetiologies of male infertility and reproductive failure. However, the ultrastructural morphology of human sperm has not been systematically evaluated or thoroughly described in the literature. This atlas selects 470 original and unpublished images to demonstrate various ultrastructural morphological phenotypes, defects of the sperm head, neck, middle piece, principal piece, and terminal piece, as well as artifacts of sperm ultrastructural morphology and phenomena related to inadequate preparation. Many sperm phenotypes and surface structural appearances are demonstrated for the first time. This atlas facilitates researchers and practitioners in andrology, reproductive medicine, and reproductive pathology for a better understanding of human sperm ultrastructural morphology.
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