An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps

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1 Horizontal and dipping strata.- Contours, section drawing, vertical exaggeration, Dip, structure contours, construction of structure contours, section drawing, True and apparent dip, Calculation of thickness of a bed, vertical and true thickness, Width of outcrop, Inliers and outliers..- 2 ¿Three-point¿ problems.- Construction of structure contours, Insertion of outcrops, Depth in boreholes..- 3 Unconformities.- Overstep, Overlap, Sub-unconformity outcrops..- 4 Folding.- Anticlines and synclines, Asymmetrical folds, overfolds and isoclinal folds, Similar and concentric folding, Two possible directions of strike..- 5 Faults.- Normal and reversed faults, The effects of faulting on outcrops, Classification of faults, dip-slip, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults, Dip faults and strike faults, Calculation of the throw of a fault, Wrench or tear faults, Pre- and post-unconformity faulting, Structural inliers and outliers, Posthumous faulting, Isopachytes..- 6 More folds and faulted folds.- Plunging folds, calculation of the amount of plunge, The effect of faulting on fold structures, Displacement of folds by strike-slip (wrench) faults, calculation of strike-slip displacement, Faults parallel to the limbs of a fold, Sub-surface structures, Posthumous folding, Polyphase folding, Bed isopachytes..- 7 Complex structures.- Nappes, Thrust faults, Axial plane cleavage..- 8 Igneous rocks.- Concordant intrusions, sills, Lava flows and tuffs, Discordant intrusions, dykes, ring- dykes, cone-sheets, stocks, bosses and batholiths, volcanic necks..- Description of a geological map, Geological history of Map 28..- Numerical answers.